As You Like It, The Passionate shepherd to His Love, and The Nymphs Re

Contrasting As You Like It, The Passionate shepherd to His Love, and The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd      Ã‚  Ã‚   The pastoral settings in Shakespeare's As You Like It, "The Passionate shepherd to His Love" by Christopher Marlowe, and "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" by Sir Walter Raleigh collectively portray contrasting ideas about nature. Marlowe idealizes pastoral life while Raleigh's companion piece shows its negative aspects. As You Like It explores both the positive and negative qualities. Pastoral settings conventionally carry the connotation of a nurturing and wholesome environment, similar to the philosophical ideas of the superiority of a natural man. In nature, there are different rules from society in which things work together for a common good. In As You Like It, Orlando, thinking that nature is savage, pulls his sword and demands food of the disposed duke. What Orlando finds is that nature is less savage than civilization. Duke Senior, who promises to give Orlando all that he has, describes the splendor and bounty of nature with "tongues in trees" and "books in the running brooks." The court comes to the pasture, seeking food, clothing, and shelter, and finds fulfillment there. A shepherd, who resembles the chivalric Duke Senior taking care of his flock, protects the animals in his care just as nature provides him with food, clothing, and shelter. A shepherd's wife must support and help take care of the shepherd. Marlowe's passionate shepherd tries to woo his love by promising the best "wool" from "our pretty lambs," beautiful fields in which to reflect, "beds of roses" to sleep on, "A cap of flowers, and a kirtle/ Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle." She will also have "Fair-lined slippers for the col... ... to the shepherd if she accepted his proposal. Even though Phebe settles for Silvius, when she finds out Ganymede is really a woman, her happiness is only bitter-sweet.    The pastoral scenes in As You Like It and in the companion poems by Marlowe and Raleigh show nature as a refuge with wonderful mysteries, a place of infectious love, and still a cruel, savage place. Nature is all of these things, an amalgam of mixed blessings, which in differing contexts may be both beneficial and deceptively vicious.       Works Cited    Marlowe, Christopher. "The Passionate shepherd to His Love." Various versions have been consulted.    Raleigh, Walter. "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd." Various versions have been consulted.    Shakespeare, William. As You Like It. New York: Dover Publications. 1998. All quotations are from this text.   

Speech Class

Seven of Australia's nine provinces have long historical tradition predating the establishment f the republic of Austria In 1918: upper Austria, lower Austria, Astray, Corinthian, Salisbury, Tyro, and Overlarge. The provinces of Borderland and Vienna were established after World War 1 . Austria is located in a temperate climate zone with a central European climate influenced by the Atlantic climate. It has four seasons which all have typical temperatures and climatic characters. Some of the most popular sports In Austria are football, alpine skiing, and ice hockey.In Austria you can expect a first class musical experience with the multiple musical festivals they have throughout the year. There are many famous people from Austria a couple commonly known ones are actor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and the composer Mozart. Austria has three main religions, Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Muslim. The official language which is spoken by 98 percent of the population is German although, there a re very distinct differences between the many religion dialects. There are three other languages are taught alongside German In some bilingual schools.Austria is very strict about their family values. Some of the mall ones are 1 ) forming the basis of the Austrian social structure, 2) Families are usually small, and due to lack of migration, they are generally closely knit with a certain town or village, 3) Weekends are devoted to family activities which often take place outdoors, 4) Eating dinner every evening with the family is a norm, and 5) Sundays are for visiting grandparents for dinner, and/or enjoying a hike In the country as a family.Austrian are very conservative people, who are prudent and moderate In their behavior. Appearance Is very important, even when dressed Informally they are neat and conservative with the way they look and present themselves. Austrian customs are very simple, they include making eye contact during a greeting, a quick handshake is the most traditi onal greeting for them. Some older Austrian men kiss the hand of a female, but it is important to know that men from other countries should not kiss the hand of a female as a greeting.When you enter a room It Is appropriate to shake the hands of everyone In the room Including children Individually. Just Like us one of Australia's main holidays is Christmas in which they exchange gifts with their families, they also exchange gifts for birthdays regularly also. They celebrate something called The Feast of SST. Nicholas on December 6th of every year and the children receive gifts. You should open a gift when it is received and they are normally to be neatly wrapped. Now that I have told you about Austria I hope It has told you a little more about you.

Impact Of International Trade On The United States

In this age of globalization, Economic integration and regional cooperation have become a reality. International trade has enabled countries to exchange goods, services and capital across the border, enabling better opportunities for both producers and consumers. However, in recent years, the benefits of International trade have been questioned by many economists and business experts. There are no doubts that International trade has been a blessing for many countries around the world, but the question that remains unanswered is, how does International trade benefit the United States economically. With fall, declining economic growth, and increase in unemployment, as claimed by conservatives, trade deals such as NAFTA and TPP have been under the spotlight for quite sometimes. Despite all criticisms, recent International trade data show a different reality. It shows how the benefits of International trade outweighed the cost of the economy of the United States. International trade between countries have existed since the beginning of human existence, and it has been significant in the economic prosperity of many countries. The discovery of the United States, and North America can be traced back to International Trade. Prime example of how International trade benefits the United States is embedded in its giant economy, and superpower status. The economic achievements of the country were only made possible due to the high volume of trade that the U.S conduct outside itsShow MoreRelatedCurrent State of the US Macroeconomy771 Words   |  3 PagesCurrent state of the U.S. macro economy Import surplus There can never be any country in the world which can survive on its own without being involved in international trade with other countries. Even the United States a super power can not have an economy which is growing or even raise the wages of our citizens unless we extend our trade beyond our borders and sell products and at the same time buy products from the rest of the population outside our country. We import a lot of goods from otherRead MoreThe United States Macroeconomy867 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States macroeconomy As you all know, the United States of America is undergoing the most severe economic period since the Great Depression of the 1929-1933. Like then, the current economy is linked to several internal concerns, but is also influenced by several external features, mostly revealed by its economic relationships with the various international partners. 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Even though this is true, I believe that promoting free trade will improve the U.S. economy in the long run and that the benefits outweigh the costs. Firstly, an open market is when there are no restrictions on international trade. In other words, there are no tariffs or quotas interfering with the exported products. An advantage to eliminating restrictions on trade are thatRead MoreThe Transatlantic Trade And Investment Partnership1284 Words   |  6 PagesTransatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) is a bilateral free trade agreement between the United States and Europe, covering trade in services, government procurement, rules of origin, technical barriers to trade, agriculture, customs and trade facilitation. If it completed, it will cover the world one-second of GDP. Transatlantic trade and investment partnership agreement is Europe and the United States launched trade preferential agreements, to create Europe and the United States FTA, theRead MoreForeign Policy : Trade With Foreign Nations854 Words   |  4 PagesPolicy – Trade with Foreign Nations The policy issue I have chosen is trade with foreign nations. The approach that the United States government has adopted to address foreign trade is varied depending on the nation in question. For some nations, the United States has what is called a Free Trade Agreement which is an â€Å"arrangement among two or more countries under which they agree to eliminate tariffs and nontariff barriers on trade in goods among themselves† (Cooper, Free Trade Agreements: Impact on URead MoreInternational Order : The United States1381 Words   |  6 Pages To start with, what is international order? International order can be defined as an order in which countries are ranked internationally. These countries are ranked based on their economy and GDP, their Geopolitical zone, hard power (army, navy, air force), soft power (diplomatic means, export, import). As of right now, the United States is ranked as the first country in the international economic order, and following the United States is China. This order is what controls the demand and the supplyRead MoreInternational Trade Is Important For Globalization1447 Words   |  6 Pageschoose to study international business. Because it many people are earning a lot money from it. International business mainly deals with business, trade and commerce on a global market. Because laws and cultures different from country to country, businesses have to prepare to deal with whatever issues may come up. With Internet communication, communicate between company are faster which cause global business competition became fiercer. In international business the main factor will be trade. 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There are many aspects of the drug war fro m Mexico and other Latin American states which have effects on United States policy as well as policies from other countries that participate in the global suppression of illegal drugs. It can be hard to differentiate between conflict and issue

Love Is A Cornerstone Of Literature - 1331 Words

Love is something that every human being as capable of feeling. No matter how hard an individual tries to avoid it, they will at one time or another will be blindsided by love. Love can come in many different forms, love for parents, love for money, love for country, to name of few. Love is something that our race has been focused on since the beginning. Civilizations have written about love throughout the ages and it has been a cornerstone of literature. Love has started wars, ended nations, created treaties and dissolved monarchs. Not only does love transcend human law when restricted but also transcends time and space. People who have been in long distance relationships can attest that no matter how far you are away from your loved one, that love does not diminish and in many cases grows stronger. The love for one’s significant other has been said to be â€Å"true† love, the love that transcends all and is more important than life itself in some cases. True love cann ot be based solely on outward appearance or the physical longing for someone but is much deeper and reaches the spiritual and emotional base of our existence. True love demands commitment to another person on a level in which most people have only committed to themselves. The Bible tries to define love as patient and kind; that love does not envy or boast; it is not arrogant or rude. It does not insist on its own way; it is not irritable or resentful; it does not rejoice at wrongdoing, but rejoices with the truth.Show MoreRelatedA Speech On Cornerstone Education1086 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Æ' Cornerstone Education PGS I have received my Associates degree in Business this week, I am thrilled by this accomplishment. I did not plan that I would finish, I thought that I would enjoy each moment of this journey without expectations and I did. 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Why Is Career Counseling Important - 1400 Words

Why is career counseling important? According to the National Career Development Association (2009), when considering career options you will want to learn more about yourself and how to carry out decisions and plans for your life and future career opportunities. Career decision assessments can help individuals identify interests, make decisions, and increase personal self awareness. Counselors in mental health counseling, substance abuse counseling, social services counseling, etc. will work with individuals that may require some type of career counseling. These counselors will need to know which assessment tool to use. One career planning assessment used is the Harrington-O’Shea Career Decision-making System, Revised (CDM-R). The CDM-R was developed by Dr. Arthur J. O’Shea and Dr. Thomas F. Harrington, both leaders in the field of counseling and psychology. The CDM was first published in 1974. In 1991, the CDM-R was revised to include a Level 1 and Level 2 to b e used â€Å"in a broad range of settings† (Harrington and O’Shea, 2000). Level 1 is geared toward younger students and individuals that may have a low reading level. Level 2 is designed for â€Å"mature students and adults as a tool in making more specific and immediate career decisions† (Harrington and O’Shea, 2000). In a broader sense, the CDM-R is used for students in grades 7-10 for career direction, students in grades 11-college to assist in making decisions regarding college majors, and for adults theShow MoreRelatedBeing A Family And Family Counselors Help People Work Through Problems And Rebuild Relationships933 Words   |  4 Pagescounselor-license.com/careers/marriage-and-family.html#context/api/listings/prefilter) . All my life I loved to help people and help them get through the tribulations they were going through. I’m naturally comforting and a leader, so this career is the right pick for me. 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Investment in Russia Essay Example For Students

Investment in Russia Essay In 1991 Boris Yeltsin became the first elected leader of Russia. This was the end of Michael Gorbachevs policy of perestroika ( radical changes in the economy) and glasnost ( the possibility of free expression) ( Gunn, 1995). The new elected president wanted some more radical changes; decentralisation, democracy and a market economy. For Russia, transition to a market economy has been difficult because the government has been trying simultaneously to change the economic and the political system of the country. This resulted in a lot problems, but the Russian market is emerging. This brings me to the following problem statement; Is it Interesting for a multinational enterprise to invest in Russia?I shall answer this question by first evaluating the situation in Russia, second I shall discuss the opportunities and problems of the Russian business environment, and finally I shall draw my conclusion. In order to achieve a correct and effective transition, the Russian government tried to achieve three main principles:? liberalisation of prices and trade. In January 1992 Russia started the process of liberalising prices and trade. A major point in this liberalisation was establishing clear and easily enforceable property rights. Until this is done, entrepreneurs will have little faith in the market and capital will flo w out of Russia. Especially in the first few years of the transition inflation was enormousInflation in Russia5.090.41534.0877.0552.0( European economy, Special supplement, Eastern Europe, 1992 and 1994)The government does not set five year plans anymore in which is stated what , where , and how much to produce ( Like in the communist period). The producers now have to decide themselves what ,where, and how much to produce. These decisions need a lot of licenses which the local governments have to supply. In order to adapt to these changes local governments need some radical changes, but at the moment bribery is usually the only effective way to get such a licence. ? Privatisation of state owned companies. In Russia privatising the state-owned enterprises is very difficult, because the enterprises are often monopolies which often produce all the parts they need in only one facility. This makes breaking these enterprises up very complicated, and often they had to be closed because of inefficiency and uncompetitiveness. In the first years of the transition output fell considerably (Daniels/Radebaugh,1995). ? Achieving macro- economic stability. The most concerning macro-economic problem in Russia is the inflation. A high inflation frightens investors. The most important cause of the inflation is the government deficit. The government should try to increase government earnings, for example higher taxes, or loaning money from the central bank at market rates(Welford/Presscot, 3rd edition). The Russians put a lot effort in the transitions of their country, but it seems that the environment is being neglected. At the moment pollution is the largest environmental problem. Air pollution is enormous because of the emission of coal-fired electric plants, and the pollution of large industry. Soil contamination and erosion are often a effect of improper use of agricultural chemicals. Even areas of sometimes intense nuclear contamination can be found in Russia. (htpp://muhu.cs.helsinki. etc.)It can be an advantage for a company that a country ( like Russia ) hardly pays any attention to the environment. For example, a firm can use old, more polluting but cheaper techniques, and has to pay less pollution taxes. A disadvantage for such practises is of course the bad publicity. A company can even face boycott in these cases ( for example, Shell Nigeria).Foreign investment in Russia has increased considerably the last few years. During the first quarter of 1996 foreign investment i n the chemical and petrochemical branches was 40 times the amount invested in the first quarter in 1995, non-ferrous metallurgy went up 20 times, and fuel and energy branch went up 10 times( http//www.odci.gov/cia etc.). Although such increases can not be shown for every branch, it does show foreign interest in the Russian market. In the following part I shall discuss some opportunities of the Russian market.? Large market. Almost 150 million people live in Russia. Now that the economy has changed into a market economy, all the consumers can decide themselves( in the former USSR the state decided this) what products they want to purchase decide. This makes certain markets grow very fast. The telephone business for example; In 1991 and 1992 the number of telephone applications reached 11,000,000. Only 661,000 new telephones were installed( http://www.odci.gov/cia etc.). Because of this enormous booming market, the American firm ATT agreed upon a joint venture with the Russian telecom munication company DALS (ATT news release, emailprotected). James Joyce's The Dead James Joyce's James Joyce's EssayIn Russia it is very difficult to find market oriented personnel, because people where used to listen to a five year plan instead of the market. For the Moscow restaurant McDonalds had send a few managers to the hamburger university in Chicago, and several other personnel was send on training in restaurants throughout Europe and the USA (Daniels/Radebaugh,1995). ? Lack of suitable partners. When a company wants to enter Russia though a strategic alliance, they need to find a suitable partner. In Russia it is very hard to find such a business partner, because all Russian companies are relative young. The companies have hardly any experience in making decisions concerning prices, marketing, materials, etc. This makes them rather unreliable or useless as a business partner. ? Corruption and crime. In the former USSR it was almost a custom to bribe someone if you wanted for example a license. Although the enormous bureaucratic lines of government officials seem to have diminished, it is still very hard to make a deal without bribery. The criminality has also boomed since the transition, businessman are often forced to pay money to criminals for protection, this is of course plain extortion ( Economist, Nov. 96)In all the examples mentioned before, the companies entered the Russian market by making a joint venture agreement with a local company. An international joint venture is a company that is owned by two or more firms of different nationality( Beamish, et al, 1997). Firms often want to use a joint venture to strengthen or protect their own business. A firm can for example achieve economies of scale, or share the cost of research and development in. The knowledge of culture and market, and the sharing of financial risks are also reasons for joint vent ures (Beamish, et al, 1997). With the transition to a market economy and the liberalisation of trade an enormous market has opened for foreign investors. Russia is very attractive for foreign investors because Russia has an enormous market ( almost 150 million people ), plenty natural resources and high quality technology. Problems like the political instability, the lack of infrastructure, the difficulties in obtaining supply and raw materials, the lack of suitable partners and the corruption are very difficult for a firm. There still is a lot to be done before these problems are solved. Because things change very rapidly at the moment , it seems very risky and uncertain to invest in Russia. A joint venture seems a suitable entry mode if a firm decides to invest in Russia. With a joint venture a firm can spread risks and lower costs. The Russian market is emerging, and with the Russians putting as much effort in as they have done until now, at least in the future Russia shall becom e a country worth investing in. Even though Russia still has a long way to go before it reaches the economic and political level of the most modern western societies, Russia might be very profitable and worthwhile investing in.Bibliography:

The Effects of Ph and Salinity on Enzyme Function free essay sample

Metabolism is the totality of all of an organism’s chemical reactions. Chemical reactions occur due to enzymes, a substance which acts as a catalyst in driving chemical reactions in order to produce a desired product (Campbell and Reece, 2002). A catalyst is usually a protein; however, some catalytic molecules counter this generalization. A discovery made in the early nineteen- nineties revealed that ribozymes, molecules made of ribonucleic acid (RNA), act as a catalyst in the transformation of an RAN molecule. Scientists concluded from the new discovery that the informational molecule RNA may have once been able to function without proteins (Dousti, 1995). However, enzymes are strictly proteins, and thus are subject to denaturation in certain conditions (Campbell and Reece, 2002). 1 Figure 1 Enzymes are granted the task of breaking bonds within the monomers of substrate, the molecule upon which the enzyme is acting. When the substrate and the enzyme bind, the substrate-enzyme complex is formed. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Ph and Salinity on Enzyme Function or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The substrate binds to the enzyme’s active site, which is the part of the protein in which the enzyme fits. Scientists have introduced multiple models that attempt to illustrate exactly how the enzyme and substrate fit together (See figure 1). In the lock and key model, the substrate and enzyme fit together perfectly. In the induced fit model, however, the enzyme changes to fit the substrate, which secures the substrate-enzyme complex even further. Induced fit allows the enzyme to position the substrate so that its ability to catalyze is enhanced (Campbell and Reece, 2002). Once the enzyme has broken down or built up the reactant(s) and released the product(s), it bonds, unaffected, to another substrate (What are Enzymes? , 2010). In order for an enzyme to work efficiently, it must reduce the activation energy, or the initial energy input to start the reaction and break or form the bonds between monomers. The quantity of activation energy needed to start a reaction is very great, which is the reason that reactions do not occur by themselves. The enzyme applies stress to certain chemical bonds of the molecules. The bending of such bonds decreases the amount of energy, which is usually thermal, needed to begin the reaction. Less input is required for the same reaction (See figure 2). A real life situation to describe this is pushing a boulder up a hill. The initial energy input is great and may require the use of machinery or many men. However, if the hill were to be diminished, the boulder would be able to get to its desired location with much less effort. In enzymes, a catalyzed reaction still has the same change in free energy or energy available for use (called ? G) as an unanalyzed one, but with less free energy going into the reaction. Figure 2 When a reaction is endergonic, free energy is made available (as shown by –? G, see figure 2). An exergonic reaction requires an input of energy and in the end does not make any energy available. Enzymes are very specific in the molecules with which they bind. In fact, they can even recognize very similar molecule, such as isomers, as not being their substrate â€Å"partner†. This specificity leads to many different types of enzymes all contributing to the chemical processes of life. A complex molecule is passed through a metabolic pathway consisting of many enzymes in order to get to the final product. Figure 2 Enzymes are naturally controlled so that only needed products are made. Allosteric enzymes, which are constructed from a few polypeptide chains, control the rates of reactions in metabolic pathways and when enzymes are active. Allosteric enzymes consist of inhibitors as well as activators. They bind to a specific site on an enzyme, called the allosteric site, and change the enzymes shape so that it is either active or inactive, depending on the allosteric device type. Feedback inhibition makes sure that chemical resources are not wasted. In this type of inhibition, the end product of a metabolic pathway binds to the allosteric site on the enzyme in order to make sure that the enzyme does not continue to make more of the primary intermediate, the resultant molecule after the first reaction on a metabolic chain of reactions (Campbell and Reece, 2002). Competitive and non-competitive inhibitors affect enzymatic behavior as well. Competitive inhibitors bind directly to the active site of an enzyme, impeding the substrate’s access. Some inhibitors are irreversible, and therefore are toxic to the body. However, others can be reversed, usually by the substrate becoming greater in concentration and gaining more access to the enzyme when it releases the inhibitor. A non-competitive inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site, but in doing so changes the enzyme’s shape so that it is less effective or completely unable to create a complex with the substrate. Cofactors, inorganic molecules, and coenzymes, organic, bind either temporarily or permanently to the enzyme’s active site and help the enzyme in catalysis (Campbell and Reece, 2002). Their presence is required for some enzymes; for others, they expedite the reaction. In certain reactions, their role is simply to carry electrons and transfer them to certain compounds (Nishiura, UCNY). Certain conditions are instrumental to enzymatic functions because of their complex structure as a protein. These conditions include pH, temperature, salinity, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration. 3 Figure 3 Because it is a protein, an enzyme is affected by pH. The amounts of hydrogen cations, which can make a substance more or less acidic, disrupt the protein’s structure. The acidity affects the structure because it changes bonds between amino acids that were originally formed in response to the charges of the radical groups. Every enzyme has an optimal pH, or a value at which it performs the most efficiently (See figure 3). In human enzymes, for example, the optimal pH ranges from 6 to 8. Regarding temperature, the optima value is known by the greatest number of collisions made between molecules. Extreme heat as well as coldness contribute to the decrease of collisions, although each in a different manner. When a substance is heated up, the atoms move faster. Bonds within the amino acids and the polypeptide chain are affected by the increase in heat. The bonds between the enzyme and substrate are affected as well; the hydrogen and ionic bonds break. The enzymes are not able to function because their active site is disoriented, and the amount of product production decreases. In cold temperatures, the cause is simpler; the enzymes and substrates simply move slower, which allots more time per reaction. Changes in salinity add or remove cations and anions, which, as previously stated about pH, change all protein structures, especially secondary and tertiary structures. The concentrations of enzymes and substrates rely heavily on each other for their efficiencies. For a given amount of substrate, the reaction rate increases as the enzyme increases until all substrate is being broken down and some enzymes are unable to bind with substrate. Likewise, for a given amount of enzyme, the reaction rate increases as more substrate is added, until all enzymes are occupied (Trice, 2012). In part one of the lab, enzyme reaction rate was determined by observing the amount of oxygen released. Guaiacol, an indicator for oxygen production, was used so that data could be collected in the form of color. The absorbance level of the solution was taken at each given time for concrete data. No variables were tested, but the equipment (a spectrometer) was engaged and the rate of enzyme reaction was proven to increase and decrease with time. This lab constituted the rate of reaction without any variable affecting the results. Its purpose was to establish a baseline to which further data could be compared. In part two of the lab, pH’s effect on enzymes was tested in order to determine optimal pH. It was hypothesized that the greatest reaction would occur at pH 7 of the three pH’s tested (pH4 and pH 10 were also tested) because it lies in the center of the pH scale and traditionally the graph of pH in relation to enzymatic rate is a bell curve, signifying that the more basic or acidic a substance becomes, the less reactions take place. The majority of enzymes are in q rather neutral environment. In the third part of the lab, salinity’s affects on enzymes were explored. It was hypothesized that the rate of reaction would steadily decrease because of previous knowledge that salinity’s charges affects charged amino acids negatively. With the results came a better understanding of enzymatic function, experimental process, and an illustration of the measure of enzymatic reaction. Methods Part One- Control Group: How does peroxidase function under normal conditions? Materials: Turnip peroxidase; 0. 1% hydrogen peroxide; guaiacol; distilled water; three test tubes and test tube rack; timer; 1, 5, and 10 mL graduated pipettes; and a spectrometer. Two test tubes were marked with one labeled â€Å"substrate† and the other â€Å"enzyme†. To the substrate test tube, 7 mL of distilled water, 0. 3 mL of 0. 1% hydrogen peroxide, and 0. 2 mL of guaiacol were added and then gently mixed. To the enzyme tube, 6 mL of distilled water and 1. 5 mL of peroxidase were added and then the tube was gently mixed. Next, the two test tubes were combined at the same time and the time immediately began to be recorded. For five minutes after the initial observation, the color was observed at one minute increments and recorded in photo format. The reading of absorbance level, or the amount of light that a substance absorbs, was taken every minute as well to determine more specifically the shade of color that the guaiacol propagates. This was done through the aid of a spectrometer. Part Two- pH: How does acidity affect enzymatic function? Materials: Turnip peroxidase; 0. 1% hydrogen peroxide; guaiacol; buffers of pH: 4, 7, and 10; distilled water; 9 test tubes and a test tube rack; timer; 1, 5, and 10 mL graduated pipettes; and a spectrometer. To prepare the test tubes, follow the procedure for the initial test, substituting the appropriate pH solution (of the procedure is to test pH 4, add pH 4) for distilled water in the enzyme tube. Next, combine the substrate and enzyme tubes into a clean test tube and immediately begin to record the time. For five minutes after the initial observation, the color was observed at one minute increments and recorded in photo format. The reading of absorbance level, or the amount of light that a substance absorbs, was taken every minute as well to determine more specifically the shade of color that the guaiacol propagates. This was done through the aid of a spectrometer. Do the same for each pH solution. Part Three- Salinity: How does salt concentration affect the reaction rate of enzymes? Materials: 13ml of water, . 3ml of hydrogen peroxide, guaiacol, clean pipettes, 1. 5 ml of turnip peroxidase, 10% salt concentration solution (. 6 ml of salt in 6 mL of water), 5% salt concentration solution(. 3ml of salt in 6 mL of water), 2% salt concentration solution (. 12ml of salt in 6 mL of water), Spectrometer, 9 test tubes, 10ml graduated cylinder. One test tube was labeled substrate and the other enzyme. To make substrate, 0 . 7ml of water, 0. 3ml of hydrogen peroxide, and 0. 2ml of guaiacol were added to the substrate test tube and were gently mixed. To make enzyme, add 6 ml of water with salt solution (2%, 5%, or 10% depending on the experiment) and 1. 5ml of peroxidase to the test tube containing the peroxidase. Next, the substrate and enzyme tubes were combined into a clean test tube and immediately begin to record the time. For five minutes after the initial observation, the color was observed at one minute increments and recorded in photo format.